英文畢業論文大全11篇
時間：2023-03-22 17:36:24緒論：寫作既是個人情感的抒發，也是對學術真理的探索，歡迎閱讀由發表云整理的11篇英文畢業論文范文，希望它們能為您的寫作提供參考和啟發。
篇（1）
Acknowledgements
篇（2）
1.0 前言
近15年，體裁（genre）和體裁分析（genre analysis）成為第一語言和第二語言教學領域里的熱門話題（Hyon 1996）。我國不少專家、學者都試圖把這種理論應用在具有特定交際目的的篇章上，如分析農業英語論文摘要（易興霞，2006），分析應用語言學領域學術文章的宏觀和微觀結構（楊瑞英，2006）畢業論文模板，分析商務促銷類語篇（王宏俐, 郭繼榮，2006）等。本文擬從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手，分析主要交際目的為說服潛在客戶購買商家所提供的產品或接受其服務的英文促銷信的表現形式，圖式結構和特殊信息，并通過分析語義的文化預設和搭配意義，加深對促銷信的語言表面特征的認識。
2.0理論依據
2.1體裁
語言學中的體裁（genre）不同于文學中的體裁。Swales (1990: 45-58) 認為體裁是在特定社會文化背景下對人類交際事件進行分類的結果。所謂交際事件就是人們按照特定目的和特定程式運用語言在社會中辦事的實例。新加坡的Bhatia (1993:13-16)在 Swales的體裁理論基礎上做了進一步的完善, 認為:1)體裁是一種可辨認的交際事件;2)體裁不是一般的交際事件 ,而是一種內部結構特征鮮明,高度約定俗成的交際事件;3)在建構語篇時 ,必須遵循某種特定體裁所要求的慣例;4)盡管體裁有其慣例和制約性, 內行人仍可在體裁規定內傳達個人意圖和交際目的。因此交際目的往往決定應該使用哪種體裁，而體裁的常規性又維我們提供了可以遵循的體裁結構潛勢。
2.2體裁分析
體裁分析是20 世紀90 年代由Swales (1990)和Bhatia (1993)發展起來的一種分析方法。他們認為任何體裁都是由一系列的語輪構成，語步(move)和步驟( step)是語篇分析的出發點論文開題報告范文。Swales的層次動向法（move approach）常用在具體的體裁分析中，即根據不同的交際目的，對某一語篇按照意義與功能劃出層次，然后再根據層次來考察分析語言的表達形式。Swales 沒有對語步和步驟提出明確的定義,但Nwogu (1997)認為語步是一個由一系列詞匯,主題意義和修辭特征所標明的具有統一意義傾向的語篇片斷，步驟是實現語步的可供選擇的修辭策略，一個語步可以由一個或多個步驟來實現。例如畢業論文模板，Bhatia (1993:62)根據體裁“ 語步 (moves) 和步驟( steps)”分析理論，將推銷體裁概括成七個 “語步” (move) :1. Establishing credentials (確立資格證明) ; 2. Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內容)：⑴offering the product orservice (介紹產品或服務) ,⑵ Essential detailing of the offer (介紹推銷內容的重要細節) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推銷內容的價值) ; 3. Offering incentives (激勵購買) ; 4.Enclosing documents (附寄文件) ; 5. Soliciting response(請求回復) ; 6. Using pressure tactics (采用壓力策略) ; 7. Ending politely (禮貌收尾)。在以上七個“語步” 中 ,第二語步 Introducing the offer 又是由三個步驟(step)組成的。
體裁分析模式為語篇研究提供了新的考察視角與方式。使用體裁和體裁分析理論對某個特定語篇進行分析，是對語篇宏觀結構和微觀結構分析的有機結合，既注重語篇結構的宏觀結構和認知結構，也注重特定的體裁結構在詞匯和語法層面的特定表現。
3.0體裁分析在英文促銷信中的應用
3.1促銷信的體裁界定
促銷信是商務英語中常見的一種語篇，它是以書信的格式由促銷人員向顧客傳遞商品或服務的存在及其性能、特征等信息，幫助顧客認識商品或服務所帶來的利益，從而達到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、采取購買行為的目的。因此它的本質是銷售者和消費者之間的信息溝通，主要交際目的就是通過向消費者的宣傳、誘導和提示，促進消費者產生購買動機，影響消費者的購買行為，實現產品由生產領域向消費領域的轉移。這樣的交際目的決定收信人和寫信人通常為并不熟悉的雙方，因此語言上謙虛有禮、簡潔明晰是必不可少的。
3.2 促銷信的內在宏觀結構
一封成功的促銷信在內在結構上 ,基本遵循Bhatia 的七個 “語步”的模式 ,通過吸引客戶的注意、向客戶詳細介紹所推銷的產品或服務并索求回復等語篇片斷來實現說服潛在客戶購買所推銷產品或服務的交際目的。下面我們從Bhatia的英文促銷信的體裁分析模式入手畢業論文模板，來具體討論促銷信的層次動向。。
Dear customer,
⑴Theunion bakers would like to announce a great offer this Valentine day. Every two kg cakeyou buy you get raffle ticket which allows you to enter into a draw which willgive you a chance to win a dinner for two at a three star hotel. You can have awonderful dinner with your loved one on the eve of Valentine’s Day.
⑵ Thebakers will arrange for the pickup and drop to the venue and you can enjoy thedinner along with the dance party at the three star hotels.
⑶Don’tyou think it will be fun to take your girlfriend or boyfriend out for dinner ona valentine’s day and make the day a special one? Imagine all that fun you havewith your loved one with tasty cuisine and exciting and thrilling dance party.To top it all you can meet famous singer and dancer who is the guest of honorthat day.
⑷Visitany of our outlets to get more information. Hurry and buy a wonderful tastycake for your loved one.
⑸Sincethe offer is valid till (time how long).please act now.
⑹Sincerely,
這封促銷信由五段組成，第一段的第一句是第一個語步: Establishing credentials (確立資格證明),通過提及在情人節要提供的一項服務來吸引顧客的注意力；第一段的第二句到第三段是第二個語步：Introducing the offer (介紹推銷內容)。第二個語步由三個步驟組成：⑴offering the product or service (介紹產品或服務) ,⑵ Essentialdetailing of the offer (介紹推銷內容的重要細節) , ⑶Indicating value of the offer (指明推銷內容的價值) 。第一段的第二句是第一個步驟，主要介紹了即將推出的服務——每買兩公斤蛋糕就能抽簽，就有機會贏得在三星級賓館的兩人晚宴；第一段的第三句和第二段是第二個步驟，詳細介紹推銷服務的細節——情人節前夕在三星級賓館和摯愛共進晚餐、共舞；第三段是第三個步驟，主要指出推銷服務的精神價值——使情人節過得特別，并能遇到明星。第二個語步是促銷信最為重要的部分，決定能否幫助顧客認識商品或服務所帶來的利益，從而達到引起顧客的注意和興趣、喚起需求、最終采取購買行為的目的。第四段是第三、四個語步：Offering incentives (激勵購買)和Soliciting response(請求回復)。第四段第一句是請求顧客做出回復——到銷售點尋求更多信息；第二句是鼓勵有購買傾向的顧客下定決心。第五段是第五個語步：Using pressure tactics (采用壓力策略)，Sincerely和簽名是第六個語步：Ending politely (禮貌收尾)，作為傳統信件獨特的結尾方式，這一語步在促銷信中也很常見。
與Bhatia的七個語步模式略有不同的是：這封促銷信并沒有Enclosing documents (附寄文件)這一語步；而且Offeringincentives (激勵購 買)和Soliciting response(請求回復)的順序也有所不同。王宏俐, 郭繼榮(2006)認為，在語篇構建中常使用的語步是核心語步畢業論文模板，不太出現的輔語步是外圍語步，在促銷信中，第一、二、四語步是核心語步，由于Enclosing documents (附寄文件)這一語步是外圍語步，銷售者可根據情況決定是否使用；至于語步順序，盡管促銷信是專門用途英語里的一種，有其慣例和制約性，但我們仍可在體裁規定內傳達個人意圖和交際目的論文開題報告范文。
3.3 促銷信的文化預設和搭配意義
這實際是一封是以西方文化為背景的抽獎促銷信。促銷信的最主要部分——第二語步也是以這個文化預設為先決條件的。銷售者想要促銷的商品是蛋糕，但在促銷信里，抽獎有可能贏得情人節的晚餐卻是描述的重點，這主要是商家抓住了顧客消費過程中的僥幸獲大利心理——以抽獎贏得與摯愛在情人節共進免費晚餐的機會，設置中獎機會，利用抽獎的形式畢業論文模板，來吸引消費者購買商品蛋糕。令人心動的抽獎活動成功地把顧客的注意力指向拉到了本應大力宣傳的產品——蛋糕上面。如果收信人不了解這個文化預設，就不容易達到促銷信的交際目的。
Leech（1981:17）認為：搭配意義是指一個詞與另一個詞連用搭配時使得該詞的意義隨語境而發生的變化。因此促銷信在詞的搭配上非常注意。促銷信使用的形容詞大多是描述性和評價性的，多為褒義詞，例如：great, wonderful, special, tasty, exciting, thrilling, famous,wonderful, 這些形容詞為收信人勾勒出一幅浪漫、激情、美味的晚餐情景。盡管這是一封書信，但口語詞匯多余書面語詞匯，淺顯易懂、簡潔明晰。銷售者為了推銷商品或者服務，常常直接使用反問疑問句和祈使句，增強引導功能，說服或敦促收信人采取購買行動。
3.4 總結
體裁分析超越了對語篇語言特征的簡單描述,力求解釋語篇的理據, 探討語篇結構背后的社會文化因素和心理認知因素, 揭示實現交際背景的特殊方式和語篇結構的規范性。促銷信具是專門用途英語的一種，把促銷信這一體裁語篇看作是一個有規律的有結構的層次動向的組合的思想, 有助于我們更好地理解這種信函體裁，寫出目的明確、結構清晰、用詞準確的促銷信。
參考文獻：
1.Hyon, Sunny. Genre in Three Traditions:Implications for ESL [J]. TESOL Quarterly, 30/ 4 :693-722, 1996.
2.易興霞.體裁分析與農業英語論文摘要[J]. 西安外國語學院學報，2006(9):28-31.
3.楊瑞英.體裁分析的應用：應用語言學學術文章結構分析[J]. 外語與外語教學，2006(10):29-34.
4.王宏俐,郭繼榮.體裁分析與商務促銷類語篇[J]. 外語教學，2006(7): 32-37.
5.Swales, J. M. Genre Analysis: English inAcademic and Research Settings [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
6.Bhatia, V. K. Analyzing Genre: Language Usein Professional Settings [M]. London: Longman, 1993.
7.Nwogu, K. N. The Medical Research Paper: Structureand Function [J]. English for Specific Purposes, 199 16 (2): 119-138.
篇（3）
隨著居民生活水平的不斷提升以及消費意識的不斷轉變，我國商業銀行個人信貸業務也隨之呈現出蓬勃發展的勢頭，其在商業銀行業務中的比重不斷上升，已經成為了其盈利的主要來源之一。個人信貸業務的市場規模以及發展前景使得眾多商業銀行紛紛在該領域展開廝殺，不過個人信貸業務在我國還屬于一個相對新生的事物，其發展歷程很短，商業銀行還沒有形成一套完整的風險控制體系，結果商業銀行在信貸業務領域的快速擴張放大了個人信貸業務的風險，為商業銀行個人信貸業務的健康發展蒙上了一層陰影。如何在個人信貸業務的快速發展以及風險控制之間尋找到一個平衡點，確保個人信貸風險控制在一定的范圍之內正在不斷的考驗著商業銀行管理者的經營智慧。本文以個人信貸業務風險控制為寫作主線，綜合運用文獻研究、對比研究等方法，在借鑒個人信貸業務風險管理領域最新研究成果的基礎之上，提出了我國商業銀行個人信貸業務風險控制的有效對策，希望能夠給我國個人信貸業務的健康發展帶來有益的思考。
本文共分為五個章節，第一章為引言，主要對文章的研究背景與意義、國內外研究文獻、研究思路以及結構等三個內容進行闡述。第二章為相關概念以及理論，重點對個人信貸業務的概念、個人信貸業務的特征、作用以及個人信貸風險理論等進行了論述總結。第三章為我國商業銀行個人信貸業務發展歷程與現狀，本章回顧了我國個人信貸業務的發展歷程，并對目前個人信貸業務中存在的風險以及風險成因進行了挖掘分析。第四章為商業銀行個人信貸風險國際經驗的借鑒，這一章對一些發達國家和地區的個人信貸風險的控制進行了系統的數理分析，并從中提煉出來了一些值得我國商業銀行借鑒的經驗。第五章為個人信貸風險控制的對策討論，在借鑒相關國家和地區個人信貸風險控制經驗的基礎之上，提出了從信用環境以及內部管理兩個視角的具體策略。文章整個內容遵循了提出問題、分析問題以及解決問題的具體思路，根據這一思路進行相關內容的組織以及安排，力求做到文章結構的邏輯合理，內容完善。
關鍵詞：個人信貸；風險控制；成因；策略
Abstract
With the continuous change of rising living standards and consumption consciousness, personal credit business of commercial banks in China also shows the rapid development momentum, and its proportion in the commercial banking business rising, has become one of the main source of profit. Personal credit business market and development prospect of so many commercial banks in the field of the fighting started, but personal credit business in our country is a relatively new thing, its history is very short, the commercial bank has not formed a set of complete risk control system, the rapid expansion in credit business of commercial banks field amplified the personal credit risk, for the healthy development of the commercial bank personal credit business cast a shadow on the. How to find a balance point between the rapid development of personal credit business and risk control, to ensure that the personal credit risk control in a certain range are constantly testing the commercial bank administrator management wisdom. According to the personal credit business risk control as the main method of writing, the integrated use of literature research, comparison research, based on the latest research results in the field of credit risk management, puts forward effective countermeasures of personal credit business of our country commercial bank risk control, the hope can give the healthy development of China's consumer credit business has the beneficial thinking.
This paper is divided into five chapters, the first chapter is the introduction, three main contents of the research background and significance, the domestic and foreign research literature, research ideas and structure are described in detail. The second chapter is the related concept and theory, focusing on the concept of personal credit business, personal credit business characteristics, functions and the personal credit risk theory are discussed in this paper summary. The third chapter is the development history and present situation of personal credit business of commercial banks in China, this chapter reviews the development process of the personal credit business in China, and the personal credit business of the risks and risk analysis of mining. The fourth chapter is the experience of the international commercial bank personal credit risk control reference, this chapter of some developed countries and areas of the credit risk analysis system of mathematics, and to refine out some worthy of our country commercial bank experience. The fifth chapter to discuss the Countermeasures of personal credit risk control, on the basis of personal credit risk control experience to learn from other countries and regions, the specific strategy of credit environment and internal management of the two perspective. The whole content follows the problem, analysis problem and the specific idea to solve the problem, relevant content according to this train of thought, organization and arrangement, and strive to achieve the logical structure of reasonable, perfect.
篇（4）
2.1The history of British English 3
2.2 The history of American English 4
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6
3.1 Lexical differences 6
3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7
3.1.2 Differences in verb 7
3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7
3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8
3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9
3.1.3 Different use of function words 9
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11
3.2 Syntactical differences 12
3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13
4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17
6. Conclusion 17
Acknowledgements 19
References 19
1．Introduction
There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:
Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.
Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?
Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.
Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm，might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?
Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.
Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?
Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.
Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.
Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]
We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.
2. British English and American English
Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”
2.1 The History of British English
English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.
Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.
（1）Proto-English （the 5th century AD）[2]
The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.
（2）Old English（AD 450—1100）[2]
The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. （form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic）The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings （is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.）who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.
（3）Middle English（AD 1066-1470）[2]
For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.
（4）Modern English（1500 up to the present）[2]
Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.
English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.
In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.
2.2 The history of American English
During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.
The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]
Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.
3. Grammar differences between British English and American English
English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.
3.1 Lexical Differences
Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.
3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms
Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6
Some examples:
Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)
Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)
3.1.2 Differences in Verb
In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).
3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs
The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.
The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).
Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).
In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.
For example,
A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)
B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)
According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:
They’ve got no pride.
I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.
3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses
Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:
British English:[5]
I've just had lunch
I've already seen that film
Have you finished your homework yet?
American English:[5]
I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.
I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.
Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?
In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.
"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."
"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]
Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".
Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]
3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs
The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]
agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).
appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).
cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).
claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.
protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).
write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).
3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.
British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any
children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.
How many brothers do you have? (AmE)
How many brothers have you? (BrE)
You don’t have much room here. (AmE)
You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)
3.1.3 Different use of function words
Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.
3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb
Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.
(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.
Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)
Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)
These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)
These dresses are on sale. (AmE)
He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)
He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)
She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4
She lives just around the corner (AmE).
Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.
At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)
Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)
On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)
(2) Omitting preposition[8]2
In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.
The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)
The new term begins September 1. (AmE)
I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)
I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)
In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.
Is he home? (AmE)
Is he at home? (BrE)
3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb
In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries，have and go.
No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.
(1)shall
Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:
Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.
Am.E:1)I will tell you later.
2)Shall I drink this now?
2)Should I drink this now?
(2)would[9]2
Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.
However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.
Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.
Try to compare:
Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.
2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.
Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.
2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.
In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:
Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.
2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.
Am.E: 1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.
2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.
(3)used to
“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:
1)He used to go there.(notional verb)
Did he use to go there.(notional verb)
2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)
He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)
(4)ought to[9]6
“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:
Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?
Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?
2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that. 2)You shouldn’t have said that.
In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:
1)Did you ought to say that?
2)You didn’t ought to have said that.
(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”
In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:
One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)
One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)
3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]
(1)The omitting of articles
Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:
The swimming pools are open all summer.
I’ll be here all afternoon.
He has been gone all week.
British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,
British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.
However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.
BrE AmE
Go into hospital Go into the hospital
In hospital In the hospital
At university At the university
Sentences are as follows:
Next day, the rain began. (BrE)
The next day, the rain began. (AmE)
In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)
In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)
(2) The position of articles
British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.
3.2 Syntactical differences
Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.
3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]
The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:
1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.) (BrE)
2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)
3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)
The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.
3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]
Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).
As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.
In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.
3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood
The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.
In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.
I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)
I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)
I wish I had done it. (AmE)
I wish I would have done it. (BrE)
4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English
Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.
1)Negation
In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:
Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.
Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.
In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)
While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.
Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.
2)The omission of copula in black English
You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.
Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).
These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]
3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person
there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]
4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something
This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]
5) Altered syntax in questions
Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]
To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:
(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;
(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;
(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;
(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.
However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.
5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English
The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.
On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.
6．Conclusion
As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.
The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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[4] 王振明和公麗艷，英式英語與美式英語的差異[J]. 山東教育學院學報,2002.
[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm
[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses
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[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation
篇（5）
教育部辦公廳在2004年4月發出《關于加強普通高等學校畢業設計（論文）工作的通知》，通知中強調：畢業設計（論文）旨在培養大學生探索真理，強化社會意識，提高綜合實踐能力，是衡量教學水平，學生畢業與學位資格認證的重要依據。教育部在2009年的《普通高等學校本科教學工作水平評估方案》中再次明確要求本科畢業設計（論文）“選題要緊密結合生產和社會實際，難度工作量適當，體現專業綜合訓練要求”。從2010年起至今北京城市學院國際語言文化學部英語（國際商務）專業進行了相關的改革研究與實踐。結合畢業設計管理與指導實踐，作者對積累的一些經驗和存在的問題進行總結。
一、高校商務英語專業（方向）畢業論文的現狀
高校商務英語專業畢業論文選題學術氣氛濃厚、重復率高。多集中于“商務談判的技巧”、“商標的翻譯策略”、“商務廣告的語言特色”等，與商務實踐密切相關的文章寥寥無幾。學生在選題上還是側重于文學和文化，沒有充分體現出商務英語的專業方向性。多數的商務英語專業學生寫作內容脫離實際，沒有注重畢業論文的自身價值與實際意義。缺乏實證分析，不會運用所學的知識對實際問題進行研究，有的同學撰寫的內容與將來所從事的商務活動毫無關系。大多數學生都是根據指導教師布置的論文題目獨自搜索文獻、分析整理資料、缺乏了團隊協作、限制了思想火花的碰撞。如果畢業設計能夠以團隊的形式來完成撰寫必將對學生的實踐能力、團隊協作能力、組織與溝通交流能力的提升起到非常大的幫助。
二、商務英語專業畢業論文改革探索與實踐
1.畢業論文改革的形式和內容。
掌握商務文書的基本知識、寫作方法、寫作技能，能運用嫻熟、得心應手地撰寫各類商務文書是衡量現代商務工作者的素質、能力的重要標準。根據我校英語專業國際商務方向學生實際情況和商務文書撰寫的難易程度，英語（國際商務）學生選擇商務報告中的調查報告（SurveyReport）開展畢業論文改革。調查報告具體要求：調查報告由2人共同完成，學生需進行社會調查、訪談或其他調研方式。要求調查報告的字數不少于5000字英文，其中含1000字中文概要，調查問卷樣卷和訪談提綱樣卷為中英文對照版。
2.行業人士進行調查報告撰寫的指導和培訓。
為了幫助學生更好地掌握商務文書的撰寫規范，行文要求，專業安排了行業人士對調研報告的撰寫進行了指導和培訓。調查報告撰寫的培訓方案：調查報告撰寫指導分為三部分：第一部分對調查報告的定義、結構、撰寫過程進行宏觀指導；第二部分主要講解調查報告的研究方法、資料的收集與研究、問卷和訪談內容的設計；第三部分調查報告的選題和開題指導。
3.調查報告雙導師指導的管理與監控。
畢業論文“雙導師制”指導模式是依據北京城市學院辦學目標和特色，結合商務英語專業學生特點，通過校內英語指導教師與來自其他學院跨學科或者行業的合作導師“雙導師”聯合指導，重點實施理論學習環節、調研環節、理論與實踐整合環節等雙導師式培養的畢業論文指導模式。選題環節。畢業論文的選題是做好畢業論文工作的首要環節，指導教師嚴格把好選題關是保證畢業論文質量的前提條件。校外合作導師提出若干個用人單位在實際工作操作中遇到的真實問題。畢業論文選題來自于實際工作過程中的問題，既體現了實際應用價值，又能很好地鍛煉學生的實踐能力。理論學習環節。為了讓學生有更充裕的時間進入第七學期的學習和第八學期工作崗位的實習，我們將理論環節的學習提前到夏季小學期。由校內指導教師和行業合作導師進行聯合講解。學生在雙導師的指導下，完成選題、開題報告準備等環節。調研實踐環節。在夏季小學期結束后的暑期，學生要開展為期約4周的調研活動。在調研實習期間，由實習單位的校外指導教師，監督和指導學生的調研實習實踐活動，補充學生理論學習的缺陷，提高學生商務實操能力。在這一環節，校內英語指導教師也需要及時與校外指導老師溝通，協助學生完成調研實踐環節。理論與實踐整合環節。學生在調研實踐活動后，即完成問卷發放和訪談活動，回到學校進行調研報告的撰寫。學生需要在這個環節聽取校內英語指導教師和校外指導教師的指導建議，展開數據的統計分析，以及調研報告的撰寫。雙導師綜合評定給出畢業設計的成績。答辯環節。采用校內老師和行業人士聯合組成答辯專家組，對調查報告中涉及的理論環節和實踐環節進行全面系統的提問，雙導師以及答辯專家組綜合評定后給出每組同學畢業論文成績。對于學生各項成績的評定，第一指導教師占總成績的60%，第二指導教師占40%。專業要求學生畢業設計完成情況嚴格進行前期、中期檢查與考核。如果因為教師指導不力，學生沒有圓滿完成畢業設計，將追究校內導師的責任。對于畢業設計工作不認真、投入不夠、完成質量差而又達不到專業培養目標的學生，學部將根據畢業設計要求的有關規定嚴肅處理。畢業論文“雙導師制”指導模式強調了基礎理論知識和專業實踐知識的有機結合，彌補了高校英語教師缺乏商務實戰經驗的弊病。“雙導師制”將顯著增強學生的專業能力和社會適應能力，使得學生在進入企業后，能夠更快地適應環境，從而直接進入工作狀態。學生通過這種模式的訓練，鞏固發展了專業知識和技能，也為日后的就業打下扎實的基礎。
4.調查報告的評審標準要適當調整。
畢業論文評價體系是引導畢業論文工作的杠桿和指揮棒。重點考察學生畢業論文的原創性、實效性，即畢業論文必須是學生經過努力研究真實做出來的，解決了實際工作中的某一個問題，比較真實地反映了學生的實際工作能力與水平。在評價程序上，整個撰寫過程采用雙導師（校內英語教師與行業專家）綜合評定和指導，在評審的各個環節均采用英語教師和行業專家雙評審制度。評分標準也相應地區別于傳統的學術論文，例如在選題上要評定“選題是否具有較強的現實意義，符合實踐性、科學性、創新性要求”；調查問卷的設計上要評定“調查問卷的結構、內容設計科學、合理，較為清楚地說明調查問卷的發放及回收情況”；數據綜合分析能力上要評定“能夠靈活運用多種形式的圖表對調查問卷所得結果和數據進行恰當、科學、有效分析”；在調查報告整體質量上要評定“研究結果摘要部分：論述清晰；正文部分：理論運用正確，數據分析科學、合理，論述充分，結構嚴謹，條理清晰；結論與建議部分：結論正確，具有創新性，實用性。調查報告結果具有一定的參考、應用價值。全文專業術語使用準確。符號統一，編號齊全，書寫規范，圖表完備、整潔、正確”；畢業論文的答辯和評審標準都結合實際進行了適當的調整以保證評價的得體性和公平性。
三、政策建議
1.深化畢業論文以及配套商務英語教學改革。
商務英語專業應該以畢業論文改革為契機，不斷深化商務英語教學改革，整合各種實踐教學資源，使教學理論、人才培養模式與人才培養目標達成一致。在商務英語教學過程中，可以采取多種方式培養學生的商務實踐能力和創新能力，例如不斷加強校企合作力度；學校與企業和政府建立實踐教學合作關系；請行業專家到學校授課或開辦講座；提倡英語教師帶領學生到企業現場教學；鼓勵英語社團組織承接社會項目；等等。
2.加強實踐型教師隊伍建設。
學校要通過各種途徑增強教師實踐意識和實踐能力的培養，例如，鼓勵教師帶領學生參加社會課題研究、對專業教師進行實踐教學培訓等，并且納入對教師的考核體系中；學校派青年教師到企事業單位、外企外貿公司掛職鍛煉，以此來增進教師對社會的了解，要求教師在授課的過程中滲透實踐內容，培養學生的實踐能力和創新意識。學校也可以將具有創業經歷和實踐經驗的各類人員融入到教師隊伍里。通過上述措施，強化學校的實踐人才培養特色，加快相關教學方法的改進與教學條件的改善步伐。
3.畢業論文的體裁和形式多樣化。
畢業論文體裁可以多樣化，充分體現學生的實踐能力和專業特點，體裁不僅局限于傳統的學術論文，而且可以將其拓展為商務實用文書的撰寫和商務情景的模擬。前者包括標書的撰寫、市場調查報告、廣告策劃、營銷方案等，后者包括商務談判、國際會展、商務洽談、產品推薦會情景模擬等。畢業論文的各種體裁和形式均采用團隊協作的模式，使學生能夠各盡所長、發揮集體的智慧。
參考文獻：
[2]教育部.教育部辦公廳關于加強普通高等學校畢業論文（設計）工作的通知（教高廳[2004]14號）[R].
[3]李志生.建筑工程招投標實務與案例分析[M].北京：機械工業出版社，2011.
[4]劉曉輝，魏俊玲.淺談經濟全球化中商務英語人才的培養[J].中國商貿，2009，（15）.
篇（6）
2、在這個領域里找一個合適的話題，比如，要寫文學翻譯的話，可以找一本感興趣的，有中英文的書籍，對這本書的翻譯做一個多譯本的比較、對這本書出現的某些詞匯和表達法的翻譯做一個總結，探究翻譯規律，如有人對《紅樓夢》里食物、服飾、詩歌等等的英文翻譯做一個總結和鑒賞、對不好的譯本。反面教材做一個翻譯失誤的分析；
3、讓現實照進夢想，在有了想法之后，分析其可能性，被前人寫濫了的，已經有權威研究的，最好不要去挑戰，除非從一個新的視角去做研究，不落前人窠臼，參考文獻太少的不要寫，本科畢業論文不具有太大的權威性，必須得有足夠的文獻做支撐；
篇（7）
開題報告是作者將自己初步選定的題目之內容、思想等，以書面形式向畢業論文答辯委員會的導師和聽眾作一書面匯報和簡要說明。
寫開題報告目的：一是作者能將所選課題的內容框架、研究現狀、選題意義、重難點和創新點、文化結構、主要引征材料及參考書目作一總體思路的勾劃，作者對該選題的前因后果，來龍去脈進行有序的組合清理，為撰寫畢業論文作好充分準備。二是作者能廣泛聽取他人的寶貴意見，并在此基礎上重新理順論文思路，使其結構更趨完整，內容更趨翔實。
開題報告的基本組成部分
1、畢業論文題目
論文題目用中英文撰寫，漢語在前，英語在后。目的是限定畢業論文的大致范圍和方向，即論題。應力求簡明扼要，引人注目。一般不超過15—20字。必要時可使用副標題。
2、本選題的研究目的
以中學英語教學法方向為例，則須說明要解決英語教與學，理論與實踐等方面的哪些問題，這些問題應是在教學實踐中比較突出又難以解決的問題;或是前人從未解決的，并且能填補某一領域的空白的問題。
3、本選題在國內外同行業中的研究現狀
國內外學者對該選題曾作過哪些方面的相關研究，本課題在國內外研究中處于何等地位?是屬于未開拓的領域，還是在前人已經研究過的基礎上作深層次的研究?國內外有哪些論文、論著涉及到本選題的內容?
4、研究本選題的動機及意義
提出本選題的根據是什么?為什么提出這個選題?本選題的研究有什么意義?從理論的角度看，本選題有哪些方面的突破，其價值取向是什么?本選題與相關領域之間的關系如何?對英語教學會起什么作用?從實踐的角度看，本選題是否有助于英語教師和學生把握教與學的動向，使人們在英語教與學的過程中少走彎路，是否有利于提高英語教學質量?
5、本選題研究的主要觀點、內容、重點和難點
本選題研究有哪幾個重要觀點，其特點是什么?研究的重點在哪幾個方面?研究的難點在何處?怎樣從理論與實踐出發，對英語教學進行更深入的理論探討?如何結合英語教學實際對改進英語教學作對策思考?本選題有哪幾個新觀點?是否填補了國內外同行業研究中的空白?
6、本選題的撰寫框架
框架可用提綱形式表述，一般構成如下：
引言：提出問題、擺明觀點。
論點：分析問題與闡明自己的觀點。大致包括：問題的原因及危害性;解決問題的重要性和必要性;從理論上來論證問題的解決方法，并聯系教學實際闡述解決問題的策略與做法。另外，利用實際數據作為論據，證明方法的有效性。
結論：通過對問題的分析論證，其結果如何?對人們在英語教與學中有何指導意義?有哪些方面需要繼續研究的?它還有什么不足之處?
參考書目：參考書目一般是英文參考書在前，中文參考書在后，以字母拼音順序排列。
7、研究基礎
作者在選擇該題之前作過哪些方面的學習、研究或寫過什么文章?說明能如期完成畢業論文撰寫的理由。
8、研究方法
常見的研究方法包括：觀察、調查、描述、實驗、實證、文獻、個案研究、比較研究、經驗總結、實踐反思、測量、量化、行動研究、表列、圖示、內容分析等方法。例如：實驗的方法就是對英語教學班級進行實驗對比;調查的方法就是通過調查表、詢問、問答等形式尋找解決問題的方法。
一個課題根據具體情況可能需要一種或多種研究方法。
9、撰寫步驟及階段任務
包括：選題及開題報告初稿、正式開題報告及提綱、完成初稿、二稿、三稿、定稿等、何時論文答辯等。
開題報告中文范例
標題： 英語隱喻漢譯
(On Translating English Metaphors into Chinese)
1) 本選題國內外研究現狀
對隱喻的研究在國外已形成較為完整的體系，其中以Lakoff & Johnson (1987)的研究最具有代表性，而對于其漢譯的研究卻鳳毛麟角。國內對于隱喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理論的影響，其中以胡壯麟、朱永生為主要代表。在隱喻翻譯的研究方面，李國南(1990)，胡文仲(1994)對于英漢成語或諺語中的習用性比喻的喻體進行過比較，并探討了其翻譯的途經。在近期出版的刊物中有對隊喻翻譯研究方面的文章，其中以徐莉娜的《隱喻的翻譯》為主要代表。但其研究的范圍也只是局限于文學、修辭用語的隱喻翻譯。
2)本選題的意義、重點、難點及創新點
意義：本選題突破了歷來將隱喻的漢譯局限在詩學、修辭學、文學等范疇。由于“翻譯是跨語言、跨文化的交際活動”(陳宏薇：1996)，翻譯對各民族之間文化的傳播起著非常重要貢獻的作用。我們對日常用語中隱喻的漢譯研究應與英語語言文化背景的研究結合起來。
重點：本選題重在研究隱喻在英語日常用語中存在的普遍性、可譯性及其翻譯的方法。
難點：怎樣從文化交際的角度對日常用語中的隱喻的漢譯進行深入的理論探討。
創新點：研究英語日常用語中的隱喻的漢譯理論及其方法。
3)論文的結構及簡要說明
1. 引言
2. 英語日常用語中隱喻存在的普遍性
2.1 隱喻的定義
2.2 關于隱喻研究的常用書語
2.3 英語日常用語中的隱喻
3. 英語日常用語中隱喻的特點
3.1 日常用語中隱喻的分類
3.1.1 習用語
3.1.2 新生隱喻
3.2 英語隱喻與漢語隱喻
3.3 英語日常用語中隱喻的可譯性
4. 英語日常用語中的隱譯漢譯
4.1 翻譯的標準
4.2 日常用語中隱喻漢譯的難點
4.3 日常用語中隱語漢譯的過程
4.4 日常用語中隱喻漢譯的基本方法及原則
5. 日常用語中隱喻漢譯的方法與技巧
5.1 直譯法
5.2 意譯法
5.3 轉譯法
5.4 直譯和意譯結合法
4) 參考書目
Brodkey, Linda. Review: The Language in Metaphors. ( College English Jan, v50 pp 89-94), 1988.
Jin Di & Eugene, A. Nida. On Translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing Company, 1984.
Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live by Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1987.
Nida, Eugene A. & William, Reyburn. Meaning Across Cultures, Maryknoll of N.Y. Orbis Book, 1981.
…
陳宏薇 《新實用漢譯英教程》，武漢：湖北教育出版社，1996。
陳文伯 《英語成語和漢語成語》，北京：外語教學與研究出版社，1980。
鄧炎昌、劉潤清《語言與文化》，北京：外語教學與研究出版社，1989。
張培基等《英漢翻譯教程》，上海：上海外語教育出版社，1983。
篇（8）
中圖分類號：G642.0 文獻標志碼：A 文章編號：1674-9324（2013）22-0196-03
長期以來英語教學的目標和方法一直是我國大學英語，尤其是專業英語教學所探討的一個問題。多年以來的應試教育已經給受教育者留下了難以學以致用的問題。不少人拿到四、六級證書依然不能跟外國人交流，不能用英文寫作，成了一個語言的拿證者卻無法動筆動嘴的“人才”（林莉蘭，2006）！已有一些從事英語教學與教育的工作者專門討論過這方面的問題（田強等，2006；王曉軍，2005；張翼翼，2006；賈國棟，2006；周爽等2006）。本文根據我院這幾年來在專業英語和專業課雙語教學的教學實踐，尤其是讓工科本科生用英語進行畢業論文寫作和進行論文答辯的實踐教學嘗試，從英語教學延伸和應用的實效性角度探討了如何檢驗大學英語教學的效果，如何確定英語教學目標，以及實現這種目標的方法。我們中國地質大學（北京）能源學院一直在專業英語和雙語教學的手段和實效性方面進行著探討。2004年我院獲得了學校在“工科教學基地”項目上的資助。為配合國家在石油領域“走出去”的可持續發展戰略、培養具有英語實用水平的工科本科畢業生也成了我院教學工作的一個重要任務和目標。我們利用我院大部分教師都有在國外留學、進修和培訓方面的經歷這個優勢，積極開展了密切結合專業的專業英語和雙語教學的教學實踐。我們鼓勵用先進的教學理念進行大膽實踐，積累教學經驗。在2006屆部分工科畢業生中讓部分同學用英語進行論文寫作和答辯，通過導師的指導，試圖將其作為專業英語和雙語教學在專業實踐方面的延伸。這樣做，一方面是希望通過用英語進行論文的撰寫和答辯提高同學們英文應用水平，另一方面也為同學們畢業后進入企業或科研崗位、甚至走出國門打下良好的基礎。在這次試點中我們在我院資源勘查工程和石油工程兩個專業選取了幾名優秀學生，從畢業論文寫作到答辯全程采用英語。這對學生提出了比較高的要求，要求學生比較熟練或基本掌握專業英語的語法、專業詞匯、寫作技巧和寫作規范等多方面的知識。當然，表達能力也能在答辯的過程中得到充實和提高，對話能力在提問過程中也能實踐、發揮和檢驗。從論文寫作和答辯的結果來看，這次嘗試是成功的。這幾名同學論文的寫作用詞和語法正確，論文宣讀及回答問題都比較清晰流利。同學們和指導教師都從中受到了鼓舞，說明我院的專業英語和雙語教學取得了明顯的成效。歸納起來，這幾年來我們在專業英語和雙語教學實踐中做法、嘗試以及同學們的反饋包括以下幾個方面。
一、專業英語和雙語課教材
在我院的專業英語和專業課“雙語教學”實踐中，學院要求在國際通用性的專業課方面應盡量使用外文原版教材，采取多種方式使用外文教材。如專業英語課在教材選用上的做法是從國外的原版教科書上找到適合同學英文能力的相關文章進行講授；環境地質學和現代試井分析雙語課使用了原版的英文教材。
二、授課方法
專業英語授課過程中不是滿堂灌，而是讓同學自己閱讀翻譯和講解，一方面可以檢測同學是否預習，另一方面發現同學們在哪些方面存在理解有誤的地方，再有重點、有針對性地進行講解。這種方法效果較好，既激發了同學們學習專業英語的興趣，同時也在實踐中提升和改進了我們的專業英語教學法。在環境地質學和油藏工程這兩門課雙語教學中，老師以中文和英文交叉、結合進行綜合講解，讓所有同學參與到教學中來。讓同學們上臺用英語講解自己的觀點和見解，大家對一些有爭議的問題共同用英語討論，共同學習。在實踐過程中幫助同學們克服了在眾人面前講英語的恐懼心理。在交流溝通過程中英語聽說能力得到了提高。這種教學過程是實踐“課堂教學應以學生為中心”的教學理念的有效形式。
三、雙語課在提高學生學習英語興趣和水平中的作用
有的同學說，起初對雙語教學就有幾分好奇，而在剛接觸到雙語教學課程時，沒想到卻有些不適應，在經過一段時間的學習之后，發現雙語教學比一般的外語教學更能激發興趣，至少與普通外語教學相比是這樣的。雙語教學在我院還正在全面展開，可以說現階段還是處在嘗試階段，但我們確實能體會到它的可行性、有效性和必要性。有的同學還說，大學四年的學業已結束，總感覺以前的外語課還沒能使我們的聽說讀寫能力加強多少，反倒是在接受過雙語教學之后，發現自己的外語水平有很大提高，課堂上的師生互動使我們敢于用英語和他人進行交流。
四、用英文進行畢業論文寫作的作用
用英文進行畢業論文寫作能讓學生更多的掌握英語的實用知識，可以提高學生學習英語的積極性。與普通的英語學習不同，畢業設計關乎學生的學士學位，學生對它的重視程度會大大提高，特別是專業英語知識。用英文進行畢業論文寫作涉及到英語知識的方方面面，從單詞的詞義到句法的運用，再到成篇構思甚至語言的概括表達。寫作的過程就是英語知識的再現和學習效果的過程，也就是提高英語水平的實踐過程。同學們說在畢業論文的外國文獻翻譯過程中，深刻地感受到了專業英語的重要性。盡管我國的科技水平提高得很快，但是在石油工程領域，我國的科技水平仍與國外的先進水平有一定的差距，所以，客觀上要求同學們現在和以后不得不有直接閱讀外文專業文獻的能力，從國外先進的技術中找到我們需要的知識，為我們的國家服務。
五、用英語進行畢業論文答辯的作用
答辯材料的準備和臺上的演講，這些都需要較高的口語能力，經歷了這次答辯，不僅提高了口語的表達能力，最重要的是同學們有了勇氣去說出英語，這是最大的收獲，也是同學們學習語言的最終目的――交流。用英語進行答辯的目標和過程對于提高學生交際能力和綜合應用語言能力有重要意義。
六、專業英語與就業的關系
隨著我國改革開放程度的不斷加深，以及中國加入了世界貿易組織，大量的國外企業涌入中國投資，設立公司，而英語是國際公認的通用語言，因此需要大量雙語人才。同學們已注意到在這一屆的畢業生找工作的時間段內，越來越多的外國或外資企業也來到我們學校召開宣講會，希望可以招聘到合適的有能力的畢業生加入他們的公司。招聘的第一道門檻就是英語能力，這恰恰是我們過去的軟肋。還有石油領域的國有企業進軍海外的石油開發項目越來越多，同樣需要大量懂英語的大學畢業生。同學們說“既然這方面的缺口這么大，我們更應該提高我們的英語能力，這既是對市場需求的響應，同時使我們以后的就業前景更光明更廣闊”。我們認為大學英語教學目標，不是過四、六級英語考試，而是“可以用英文進行畢業論文寫作和答辯”。這個目標里面自然包含了“聽、說”能力，并且體現了學生綜合應用英語的能力。專業英語和專業課雙語教學是實現這個教學目的的有效手段。實踐中可對低年級同學較早提出這個目標來引起他們在思想上的重視，從而通過綜合效應實現大學英語教學水平的提高。當然，目前還只是少數同學具備這樣培養的條件。
鳴謝：本文在成文過程中得到了我校長宣教授的指點和幫助，深表謝意。
參考文獻：
[1]林莉蘭.大學英語口語教學芻議[J].中國高等教育，2006，（5）.
[2]田強，李潔紅，李小紅.略論英語教育與幾種基本教育概念的關系[J].科教論壇，2006，（1）.
[3]田強.關于我國英語教育的“應試教育”模式的反思[J].科教論壇，2006，（1）.
[4]王曉軍.貫徹“大學英語課程教學要求”提高英語教學質量[J].中國地質教育，2005，（1）.
篇（9）
畢業論文是商務英語專業教學計劃的最后一個環節，也是對學生2年半學期各門課程學習效果的檢查.其主要目的是:
1、培養學生的英語閱讀、寫作能力及運用商務知識分析問題和解決問題的能力，達到學以致用的目的。
2、檢查學生對所學專業理論知識和基本技能的掌握程度，并將論文成績作為學生能否畢業的主要依據之一。
3、訓練學生搜集運用資料的技能，同時培養學生理論聯系實際，增強獨立思考問題和解決問題的能力。
二、 論文寫作要求:
1、以英文/漢語完成論文寫作。
2、字數要求不低于3000個單詞或字， 統一采用A4(210x297mm)頁面復印紙單面打印.其中上邊距2.8cm，下面距2.5cm，左邊距2.5cm，右邊距2.5cm，頁眉1.6cm頁腳1.5cm裝訂線0.5cm.字間距為標準，行間距為1.25倍行距.頁眉內統一為:用5號宋體
3、論文的內容要與本專業所要求的知識和技能相結合，要求論述者閱讀一定量的英文和中文資料，能夠對所有的資料進行合理刪減、組織和編輯，掌握論文撰寫的結構與布局。要求語言流暢，層次清晰，論點明確，論據充分。具有以下特性:
1) 科學性:觀點正確，論據充分可靠，結構合理，能反映出學生對本學科知識系統掌握的程度及其某一問題有較深理解很認識
2) 實用性:選題應該具有現實意義和學術價值，應該體現出分析問題解決問題的能力水平
3) 邏輯性:論證應該有力，層次應該分明，邏輯應該嚴密，結構應該完整合理
4) 技術性:應該具有收集整理運用材料的能力，語言表達應該清晰準確，格式應該規范
4、寫作時間安排:
1月14日:學生與導師見面選題和開題
1月15日-3月25日學生寫作，提交提綱，初稿，導師修改并將完成情況向系里匯報
3月31號前根據導師的修改意見完成第二稿交導師修改
4月7號前完成定稿并按照要求打印裝訂成冊.打印3份，交系里2份
4月8號-4月13號準備答辯，原則上采用英語答辯
2007年4月14號論文答辯，原則上采用英語答辯
5:論文成績評定:采用5級記分制，及優秀，良好，中等，及格和不及格五等.其中優秀沒，良好等次的人數分別按不高于15%，20%的比例評定.終結成績必須經指導老師學院畢業論文指導小組認定.
6:特別說明:
畢業論文寫作是嚴肅的事情.嚴禁抄襲剽竊他人論文.一經發現此次論文成績判為0分.
三、 論文選題方向:
1、商務英語教學改革的方向，途徑，課程設置等
2、商務英語教學在新形勢下的影響和意義;
3、我國貿易的現狀及其發展方向
4、商務英文翻譯技巧;
5、江西招商引資探討及其對策
6.WTO保護期過后對我國的影響;
四、 論文設計與擬定的程序:1、指導教師的幫助下，根據本指導書提供的選題范圍，從中選擇論文方向，確定題目。(注:選擇其他的題目，需與指導教師商議確定)
2、 搜尋與本人論文題目相關的資料，文獻，形成論文大綱，注意論文結構安排的合理性。
3、 論文結構:包括題目，中英文摘要和關鍵詞，目錄和正文. 詳見后面附件
附件1:
外語系英語專業(高職)畢業論文選題(商英專業)
1. 《商務英語課程設置的探討》
2. 《跨文化因素對英漢翻譯的影響》
3. 《商務英語的特點及翻譯技巧》
4. 《商務英語函電在對外貿易中的作用》
5. 《單證員在國際貿易中的地位》
6. 《商務英語函電翻譯技巧》
7. 《商務談判中英語的重要性》
8. 《淺談出口結匯風險的防范》
9. 《中國退稅制度的改革及其影響》
10. 《商標名稱的翻譯與策略》
11. 《外貿企業信用風險管理與控制》
12. 《2007年外資銀行在我國本土注冊探討》
13. 《我國利用國際貸款/國際援助現狀分析》
14. 《WTO與我國反傾銷探討》
15. 《我國對外直接投資之現狀》
16. 《內陸地區對外貿易發展策略研究》
17. 《中印兩國兩國對外貿易戰略分析》
18. 《人民幣升值對我國出口貿易的影響》
19. 《淺談商務英語寫作時避免修飾語錯位的方法》
20. 《商務函電翻譯的用詞技巧》
21. 《外商直接在華投資探討》
22. 《社會文化遷移對中國式英語的影響》
23. 《我國外貿出口品牌戰略的實施與研究》
24. 《商務英語專業口語課程教學探討》
25. 《入世對我國農產品貿易的影響與對策研究》
26. 《應對經濟全球化，加快我國企業跨國經營》
27. 《英語寫作中常見中式英語分析》
28. 《入世商務英語寫作的研究》
29. 《制單工作在國際結算中的地位》
30. 《關稅壁壘與非關稅壁壘探討》
31. 《淺談實質利益談判法》
32. 《國際電子商務發展面臨的新問題》
33. 《商務英語寫作中的錯誤與商務英語寫作教學之間的關系》
34. 《清算所在期貨市場上的地位》
35. 《跨國公司在華擴張模式透析》
36. 《漢譯英中遇到新詞語的譯法問題》
37. 英漢互譯中詞義的不對應(文化意義、風格意義、修辭意義等)
38. 我國市場經濟國家地位與反傾銷
39. 如何防范信用證詐騙
40. 我國中小企業開拓國際市場之探討
41. "10+1"自由貿易區未來前景展望
42. 漢語中新詞匯的翻譯技巧
43. 商務英語的特征與翻譯
44. 珠江三角洲外貿現狀及存在的問題
45. 南昌現利用外資縱談
46. 廣州/深圳等地區三資企業結構分析
47. 淺談廣州等地區外貿企業的困境與出路
48. 淺談廣州等地區出口產品結構的市場分布
49. 商務英語專業畢業生就業崗位之探討
50. 單證員跟單員等資格證書現狀思考
51. 禮儀在商務談判中的作用
52. 跨國公司的本土化經營戰略及其實施
53. 中國在亞洲區域合作中的地位和作用
54. 延長我國加工貿易國內價值鏈問題探析
55. 中國貿易的現狀和前景
56. 我國西部地區引進外資問題研究
57. 人民幣業務對外開放之探討
58. 淺談涉外合同英語特色
59. 海外投資與出口貿易的相互關系
60. 文化和地理因素對外商在中國直接投資的影響
61. 綠色壁壘對關稅壁壘的替代效應研究
62. 新貿易保護主義的政策調整與我國貿易發展
63. 貿易磨檫及其解決機制研究
64. UCP600-信用證領域的新規則探討
65. 論的適用范圍及總則
66. 淺談下賣方的知識產權擔保義務
67. 我國紡織業出口競爭秩序現狀分析與對策探討
68. 淺談來料加工與進料加工的利弊
69. 經紀傭金商或場內經紀人在期貨交易中的地位
70. 淺談商檢證書在國際貿易中的作用
附件2 開題報告格式
商務學院
高職畢業設計(論文)開題報告
題目名稱: 中國家庭企業管理創新研究
題目性質:
研究論文
學生姓名:
XXX
專
業:
工商管理
學
院:
XXXX
年
級:
04級
指導教師:
XXX
一、
選題背景
隨著我國經濟的高速發展，以家族企業為主的民營企業也得到了快速發展和壯大，在國民經濟中發揮了越來越重要的作用。但是，與此同時，我國的家族企業也暴露出越來越多的問題，如家長式的管理方法、企業基礎管理制度不健全和后續發展無力等諸多問題。這些問題不僅制約著我國家族企業的發展壯大，而且嚴重影響到我國經濟的健康快速的發展，因此，研究我國現階段家族企業如何進行管理創新，以最大限度地調動家族企業員工的積極性，從而實現家族企業生產要素優化配置，促進家族企業持續發展已顯得尤為緊迫。
二、研究的基本內容，擬解決的主要問題、研究步驟、方法
本文從我國家族企業的實際情況出發，以管理創新的理論為指導，對我國家族企業如何進行行之有效的管理創新進行深入地研究。首先評述了國內外學者對家族企業管管理創新含義的不同看法，提出了家族企業管理創新的含義、構成要素及內在機理，認為我國家族企業進行管理創新的有效性在于有利于更好地實現家族企業的經營目標，有利于充公調動企業員工尤其非家族成員的積極性和創造性。
其次，分析了我國現階段家族企業管理創新的現狀及存在的問題，指出了我國家族企業管理模式存在諸多不足，如在管理創新過程中仍然存在家長式決策、缺乏戰略管理和基礎薄弱等諸多問題，所有這些在客觀上要求創建一種新的管理模式以促進家族企業健康快速發展。
再次，要創建一種適合我國家族企業實情的管理模式，就必須全面準確地把握好我國家族企業所面臨的外部環境。因此，本文指出了我國家族企業開展管理創新面臨著外部環境的特殊性和復雜性。
三、研究工作進度
1、教師報題(2006.11.1----11.15)
2、網上公布畢業設計題目和指導教師(2006.11.20)
3、學生選題(2006.11.20---12. 15)
4、落實任務(學生與導師見面，交電子郵箱地址)(2006.12. 1---12. 25)
5、學生上交開題報告(紙字稿)(2006.12.25----2007.1.15)
6、中期論文檢查(交電子稿) (2007.4月1日前)
7、論文上交(紙字稿附電子稿)(2007.4.15----2007.5.1)
8、07屆畢業設計答辯(評定學生成績)(2007.6月初)
9、07屆優秀論文評定(2007.6.15)
10、07屆優秀論文匯報會(2007.6下旬)
四、主要參考文獻
[1]顧文靜，溫州民營企業實行委托---制的障礙分析，經濟管理。2002.2
[2]甘德安，中國家族企業研究，中國社會科學出版社，2002年版
篇（10）
［中圖分類號］G642.4 ［文獻標識碼］A ［文章編號］1009－5349（2012）02－0195－02
引言
根據開放教育本科英語（教育方向）教學計劃的規定，學員在基本修完本專業規定的必修課和選修課后，進入以撰寫畢業論文為主的集中實踐環節。教學實踐設計環節即畢業論文設計是開放教育本科英語專業教育方向的一個極為重要的環節。在本文中，筆者基于近五年的畢業論文指導實踐基礎，闡述了開放教育英語本科畢業論文的特點，分析了畢業論文寫作中存在的問題和不足之處，并在此基礎上提出了相應的對策與建議。
一、開放教育本科英語專業畢業論文的特點
開放教育本科英語教育專業學員所寫的畢業論文除了學術性（scholarly）、創新性（original）、規范性（formal）這幾個畢業論文的基本特征外，還應體現英語教育的職業性（professional）和過程性。
（一）畢業論文的設計應體現理論聯系教育實踐原則
所謂“學有所用”，學員畢業論文的選題要結合自己的課堂教學實踐，真正解決本人在教學實踐中遇到的客觀存在的問題。畢業論文指導教師應就“教學行為研究”的基本要求和原則面向全體學員以講座或課程的形式進行指導。整篇畢業論文至少要體現有四次教學研究記錄或教學日記；要有一次課堂教學的錄像或錄音；要有原始調查問卷，或座談的錄音等，以保證教育教學這一職業性的凸顯。
（二）畢業論文的設計應該體現過程性原則
整個畢業論文設計必須經過問題分析、方案設計、項目實施、項目評估和項目報告幾個階段。學員的研究必須針對其課堂中確確實實反映出的問題，方案的設計必須符合要求，實施階段必須嚴格監控，保證有一個月的實施時間，指導教師對學生的研究要如實評估，項目報告，亦即論文必須符合論文的寫作規范，要體現指導過程。整個設計環節由5個環節組成：
1.項目啟動：指導教師可采用集體或分散等指導方式，介紹研究原則和研究方法，布置研究任務；
2.問題分析和方案設計：學員分析自己課堂教學中反映出的問題，設計問題解決方案；
3.項目實施：學員通過課堂教學具體實施方案；
4.項目評估：學員運用評估手段和方法，對項目的事實情況及結果進行評估；
5.項目報告：學員根據論文寫作規范，用英文寫出正文4000詞左右的項目報告，同時提供項目實施過程中的所有原始材料。
在整個論文的寫作過程中，項目啟動是整個論文寫作的理論基礎；問題分析和方案設計確定論文研究方向；項目實施是論文實用價值體現的關鍵環節；項目評估是對論文學術價值的提煉；項目報告是對整個寫作痕跡的保留。這五個環節環環相扣，缺一不可，相輔相成，層層遞進。
二、撰寫開放教育本科英語專業畢業論文存在的問題及其對策
畢業論文寫作對于開放教育本科英語專業的學員來說非常具有挑戰性，因為除了完成一般畢業論文所要完成的各個環節以外，英語專業的學生還需用英文進行畢業論文的寫作。要想順利完成英語專業畢業論文設計,學員要從論文的選題、時間安排及寫作心態三方面同步著手。
（一）選題問題
開放教育學員本身寫作水平不高（大多學員學歷為中專），面對論文選題往往要么望而卻步，要么求大求空，無法駕馭論文寫作。要解決畢業論文選題難這個問題，在具體的畢業論文指導實踐中，指導教師則需著力推進“兩個兼容”原則。該原則有利于學員對自己的教學實踐進行反思，并學以致用。
1.原則之一：教學實踐和學術研究兼容。由于開放教育本科英語專業的學員大多數是中小學一線教師，有著相當豐富的教學經驗，駕馭本專業與自己工作實踐聯系緊密的論文選題會相對來說容易得多。其次，學員對自己多年來的教學實踐進行反思和思考，整理和提煉教學心得，再用于指導自己的教學實踐，這樣的論文很有實踐性和指導性。最后要注意在強調聯系教育實踐的同時，也不能輕視了畢業論文的規范性，學員通過英文寫作鍛煉了英文寫作技巧，同時也對論文寫作的規范要求進行了寫作實踐。
2.原則之二：個人特長和實際情況兼容。學員進行畢業論文的選題時還要考慮自己的特長、綜合知識水平、學術科研能力和客觀條件。學員最好選擇自身擅長并且有一定興趣的題目。擅長能表現出學員對該論題有較深的認識思考及一定的實踐經驗，能降低寫作難度，更充分地發揮個人的主觀能動性，從而做到素材充實，個人見解深刻，針對性強。指導老師可幫助學生對歷年的論文題目進行歸類，然后就每一類給出具體實例，讓學員親身體驗，和學員共同探討，尋找自己感興趣、熟悉或是能駕馭的題目。歷年論文題目基本可劃分為教學實踐經驗總結、學生心理研究、學科思想、學生非智力因素等方面。
（二）時間問題
由于開放教育本科英語專業學員大多為成人或在職中小學英語教師，工作負擔沉重，家庭生活壓力大，在完成工作任務和照顧好家庭之余用于論文寫作的時間就非常有限，因此時間的合理安排和使用是畢業論文按期按質完成的重要保障。畢業論文的時間安排表如下：
從上表可以看出，在教學計劃中留出用于畢業論文寫作的時間本身就非常有限，且由于是安排在最后一個學期，面臨畢業，論文已無延期上交的可能性，因學員自身不夠重視或工作忙等原因最后只能選擇放棄論文答辯的現象屢見不鮮。為改變這一無論是學員還是指導教師都不愿意看到的局面，筆者建議首先學員應當重視畢業論文的寫作，畢竟三年所學，畢于所寫。學員應當處理好學業與工作的關系，充分、高效地使用業余時間進行論文方案的實施及撰寫，對寫作過程中的困難要有充分的思想準備，耐得住寂寞，忍得下艱苦。其次，作為指導教師則應確實把握好論文寫作的每個環節，運用E-Mail、手機等現代化聯系方式，或告知學生可進行雙向語音或視頻聯絡的網址（例如雅虎通、QQ、MSN等）充分與學員進行有效溝通，指導到位，引導學員逐段完成論文，漸入佳境。按時間安排逐項完成各項寫作任務還有賴于指導教師對學員的階段性檢查，定期檢查學生的工作進度和質量。
（三）心態問題
學員積極的寫作心態，是畢業論文順利完成的重要保障。積極心態的創立離不開指導教師的培養和學員自身養成。
1.指導教師要為學員設置成功目標。在長達半年的畢業論文寫作過程中，指導教師在學員因為這樣或那樣的困難導致論文寫不下去時,應不厭其煩地進行鼓勵。為了使畢業論文順利完成這一遠景目標變得不那么遙不可及，指導教師可以對遠景目標進行分解，放在每一個寫作階段，逐一完成，使得遠景目標的實現具備較強的可操作性。
2.學員對自己的論文寫作應持積極心態。積極心態是一種對任何人、任何情況或任何環境所把持的正確、誠懇而且有建設性，同時也不違背法律、道德和人類權利的思想、行為或反映。積極心態有利于畢業論文的順利完成。下圖是柳州市廣播電視大學2005-2011年部分畢業生畢業論文心理狀況調查表，可以反映出由于持不同心態的畢業生參加畢業論文寫作會產生的不同結果。
柳州市廣播電視大學2005-2011年部分畢業生畢業論文心理狀況調查表
上表顯示的狀況是不能令人放心的，這樣的心態必然會引發教學、管理等方面的一系列問題。混學、浮學現象嚴重，缺勤、論文抄襲、拼湊等現象屢禁不絕。這些與上述消極心態有直接的關系。在艱辛的畢業論文創作過程中，學員應抱積極心態，把自己遇到的種種失敗看成人生經歷的寶貴財富。不論怎樣，堅持下來，就是最大的勝利。在近五年的指導畢業論文的實踐中，筆者發現具有積極心態的學員寫作目標明確，動機強，遇到寫作困難時善于動腦筋、想辦法，寫作進展速度快。而具有消極心態的學員在進行畢業論文的創作時，往往遇難而退；面對種種寫作困難采取逃避或是蒙混過關的辦法，其結果往往是論文不能按時上交，延期畢業。
三、結束語
綜上所述，堅持“兩個兼容”原則指導學員選題，合理安排論文撰寫時間，幫助學生建立積極的撰寫心態，能較好地體現電大開放教育培養“實用性、應用性”人才的辦學宗旨，可以在一定程度上消除當前畢業論文寫作的尷尬狀況。畢業論文是一個極其艱辛的實施過程，只要學員合理安排好論文寫作時間，保持積極的寫作心態就能順利完成畢業論文的寫作，參加論文答辯，達到個人的學術研究高峰。
【參考文獻】
[1]黃芬香.開放教育文科類畢業論文評價模式的構建[J].中國遠程教育,2006(4):34-38.
[2]施小平.試論高校畢業論文(設計)的全面質量管理[J].高教探索,2006(4):62-64.
[3]曹文榮.遠程教育畢業論文指導方法研究――基于上海電大畢業論文指導的實踐[J].研究與交流,2007(5):11-13.
[4]王正東.流程型開放教育畢業論文(設計)追蹤管理模式[J].廣播電視大學學報:哲學社會科學版,2006,(3):125-127.宋立平.畢業論文寫作指導[M].保定:河北大學出版社,2003.12.
[5]杜祥培,尹躍妮,歐陽中萬.提高本科畢業論文(設計)質量的探討[J].當代教育論壇,2003(9):75-77.
[6]司景萍,高志鷹.提高畢業設計質量的措施探討[J].高等教育研究,2010(3):43-46.
[7]顧冀梅.關于英語專業本科畢業論文課程改革的思考[J].教育與職業,2009(12):164-165.
[8]鄭秀戀.英語專業本科畢業論文選題的問題及對策[J].浙江理工大學學報,2009(3):436-439.
篇（11）
外國語學院英語專業學生畢業論文要求
一、畢業論文的目的
畢業論文是教學計劃的最后一個重要環節，是落實教育培養目標的重要組成部分，其主要目的是培養學生綜合運用所學的知識和語言技能，理論聯系實際，獨立分析和解決有關專業問題的實際能力，使學生得到從事本專業外語學術論文寫作的基本訓練。畢業論文的基本教學要求是：
1、通過畢業論文提高學生綜合運用、擴展語言知識和專業知識的能力，培養學生獨立分析問題、解決問題的能力。
2、通過撰寫畢業論文，幫助學生接受科學研究、分析方法的初步訓練。
3、培養學生正確的寫作思想，理論聯系實際的工作作風，嚴肅認真的科學態度。
4、使學生在外文資料查閱、閱讀和翻譯，語言表達、寫作能力，計算機文字處理等基本技能方面得到進一步的訓練和提高。
二、畢業論文題目的確定
(一) 方式：
1、由教研室安排教師做“怎樣寫畢業論文的報告”，詳細介紹撰寫論文的每一個環節和具體要求。
2、學生在指導教師指定的范圍內選擇和初步確定論文的方向。
3、由論文指導教師根據教學要求提供論文選題，在教研室匯總后向學生公布，供學生選題參考。
4、學生可根據自己所學專業，按學院所提供各專業論文參考選題確定題目，也可自選題目，必須報指導教師，征得同意后方可開題。原則上學生不得跨專業選題。
(二) 范圍
英美語言文學、文化、語言學(語法、詞法、修辭、語義、文體等)、翻譯、國際商貿、國際商務、旅游、外語教學法等。
三、畢業論文寫作要求
1、論文長度不少于3,000英文單詞。
2、論文結構包括：
1) 標題 (title)
2) 作者署名 (name of the author and tutor)
3) 摘要 (abstract)(150—200詞，中英文均要)
4) 關鍵詞 (key words)(中英文均要)
5) 正文 (body)
6) 參考文獻 (bibliography)
3、摘要(Abstract)通常為一個段落，長度不超過300個單詞。
Abstract通常要回答如下問題：
(1)What is the general knowledge of your topic in the academic field?
(2)What research topic is the paper to focus on?
(3)What method or material do you use to support your main point of view?
(4)What conclusion will you draw?
(5)What is the main contribution of the paper?
4、關鍵詞(Keywords)3至5個。除專有名詞外，其他詞不用大寫，詞與詞之
間以分號隔開。
關鍵詞應能反映論文的主要內容，因此常出現在標題與摘要中，多為名詞，如用investigation 而不用investigate。
5、引言(Introduction)
6、在引言(Introduction)與結語(Conclusion)之間的正文部分應分若干章節。章節編號方法應采用分級阿拉伯數字編號方法，第一級為“1”、“2”、“3”等，第二級為“2.1”、“2.2”、“2.3”等,第三級為“2.2.1”、“2.2.2”、“2.2.3”等，但分級阿拉伯數字的編號一般不超過四級，兩級之間用下角圓點隔開，每一級的末尾不加標點。
各層標題均單獨占行書寫。第一級標題居中書寫;第二級標題序數頂格書寫，后空一格接寫標題，末尾不加標點;第三級和第四級標題均空兩格書寫序數，后空一格書寫標題。第四級以下單獨占行的標題順序采用A.B.C……和a.b.c.兩層，標題均空兩格書寫序數，后空一格寫標題。正文中對總項包括的分項采用⑴、⑵、⑶…單獨序號，對分項中的小項采用①、②、③…的序號或數字加半括號，括號后不再加其他標點。
7、如有注釋，應為尾注。注釋應編號，并置于參考文獻之前。
8、參考文獻數目不得少于5篇。排列采用以下格式：
1)參考期刊排列順序為：作者，題目，期刊名稱，出版年，卷(期)，頁碼
2)參考專著排列順序為：作者，書名，出版地，出版社，出版年，頁碼
9、論文為Word形式打印稿，紙型為A4，單倍行距，英文用Times New Roman
字體，中文用宋體。
10、字號要求：大標題為3號字加黑，小標題為4號字加黑，正文、注釋與
參考文獻為5號字。
11、論文寫作過程中，應自覺主動與指導教師聯系，虛心接受教師指導。
12、按要求打印裝訂并上交。裝訂順序為：
1)畢業論文封面
2)扉頁(畢業設計/論文任務書)
3)畢業論文指導書
4)目錄
5)中文摘要(含關鍵詞)
6)英文摘要(含關鍵詞)
7)正文
8)致謝
9)參考文獻
13、進度安排：
1、確定選題 第 1 周 ( 09年 2月 22日前)
2、論文提綱 第 2 周 ( 09年 3月 1日前)
3、完成初稿 第3-5周 ( 09年 3月 22日前)
4、完成定稿 第 6 周 ( 09年 3月 29日前)
5、上交論文 第7周 ( 09年 4月 5日前)
14、注意：
1、目錄用Word文檔自動生成,用1.5倍行距,4號宋體。
2、中文摘要、英文摘要各占一頁，按一級標題標示。
四、上交要求
學生按任務書上規定的時間，以班級為單位交輔導員處，輔導員匯總后上交學院。
中州大學外國語學院
參考樣文如下
目 錄
中文摘要 1
ABSTRACT 2
1 引言 2
2 企業文化的內涵 3
2.1 文化和企業的定義 3
2.1.1 企業組織的法律形態 3
2.1.2 企業組織的管理形態 4
2.2 企業文化 4
2.3 認識企業文化 5
2.4 企業文化的功能 6
3 企業文化對組織創新的影響 7
3.1 組織創新的內容 7
3.2 企業文化對組織創新的影響 7
3.2.1 影響組織結構創新 7
3.2.2 影響組織流程創新 8
3.2.3 組織制度創新 8
4 結語 9
參考文獻 9
致謝 10
摘要
隨著經濟全球化和知識經濟時代的到來，國內企業改革的深入發展, 眾多企業對傳統的組織結構進行了大膽的創新。同時，人們逐漸認識到企業文化是一個成功企業不可或缺的一部分，是影響企業經營業績的根本，企業文化決定了企業的競爭地位。本文主要討論了企業文化對企業組織創新的影響。文中首先給出了企業和文化的定義及其內涵，其次提出了企業文化的內容和主要功能，最后揭示了組織創新的內容，論述了企業文化在組織結構、組織流程、組織制度等三方面對企業組織創新的影響。企業文化與創新相互影響，相互促進，共同對企業的發展產生影響。
關鍵詞：文化;企業文化;組織創新
Abstract(用Time New Roman 字體)
Along with the economic globalization and arrival of knowledge-based economy ages, the thorough development of the local business enterprise reform, numerous business enterprises carried on the innovation of the brave to the traditional organization structure. At the same time, the people know that the corporate culture is a gradually successfully a necessary part of the business enterprise, is a root that affects the business enterprise management accomplishment, the corporate culture comes to a decision the competition position of the business enterprise. This text mainly discusses the corporate culture to organize the creative influence to the business enterprise. Give first in the text definition and its contents of the business enterprise and culture, put forward contents and main functions of corporate culture the next in order, announced to public the creative contents of organization finally, discuss the corporate culture to organize the creative influence to the business enterprise in the aspects of organizing the structure, organize process, organize system wait third. The corporate culture and innovation affects mutually, promoting mutually, common to the development creation influence of the business enterprise.
Key Words: culture,corporate culture,System innovation
1 引言
不管您意識到與否，文化每時每刻都在對政治、經濟、社會、生活產生著潛在的影響，發揮著不可忽視的作用。本文通過對企業文化的基本內涵、企業文化的重要性以及企業文化的影響，試圖讓人們認知、認識企業文化。讓人們明確，只有繼承和發揚中華民族的優秀傳統文化，吸收和借鑒人類先進文化，才能建立起優秀的中國企業文化，重視企業文化的影響，據此才能建立起比較完善的社會主義市場經濟體制，實現興企、富民、強國的目標。
2 企業文化的內涵
2.1 文化和企業的定義
文化，從廣義上說，是人類在社會實踐過程中獲得的物質、精神的生產力和創造的物質、精神的總和。從狹義上講，是指人類精神生產力和精神產品，包括一切社會意識形式：如自然科學、技術科學和社會意識形態等。作為一種歷史現象，文化的發展有歷史繼承性;作為社會意識形態，文化是一定社會政治和經濟的反映，同時又對一定社會的政治和經濟產生巨大的影響。
作為經濟組織實體的企業，為了實現其以行政組織手段替代市場交易來協調生產的功能，就需要有一定的組織形態。
一般地說，企業組織形態包括兩個相互關聯的方面，其一是企業組織的法律形態，其二是企業組織的管理形態。
2.1.1 企業組織的法律形態
在企業的長期發展過程中企業組織逐步形成三種主要的法律形態，這就是業主制企業，合伙制企業和公司制企業，這種界定的依據是法律認可的企業產權制度，感情。。。。。。
(以下略)
4 結語
二十一世紀，一個最響亮的詞語就是創新。創新已成為社會發展、經濟增長的最關鍵動力，而企業文化又與創新有著緊密的聯系，所以，企業若要獲得長足的發展就必須將企業文化與創新思想相融合，發展現今社會所需要的企業文化，并促進企業文化的建設，同時不斷地進行組織創新、技術創新，使企業文化與創新協調發展，相互促進。
致謝
本論文得以完成，首先應該感謝。。。老師。正是她在本論文的寫作過程中的悉心指導、熱情鼓勵，在繁忙的工作中抽出時間來為我修改論文，我才能順利完成我的雙學位論文。
作為中州大學的一名畢業生，我更要感謝管理工程系給了我能夠學習不同學科知識的機會。在兩年的工商管理專業學習過程中，任課老師們的學識淵博、治學嚴謹、人品高尚無時不在影響著我。學習的時間是短暫的，但老師們的影響卻是我終生收益不盡的。在此對我的老師們深表感謝!
在論文寫作過程中，我的一些同學、朋友也給了我巨大的幫助與鼓勵。在此一并感謝!
在我的成長、學習過程中，能夠在大學階段同時學習到工科、管理兩個學科的知識，是我一生的榮幸與財富。我相信，在未來的日子里我會更加努力學習，充分利用所學知識，回報社會、師長。
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